"Definitions"
Definitions that are used in inorganic chemistry
- h - degree of hydrolysis - Shows what part of the salt has hydrolyzed, that is, turned into its components. Measured in percent or fractions of a unit
- π - bond - A bond in which both regions of increased electron density are located above and below the line connecting the nuclei of two atoms. bond is always secondary and less strong than σ - bond
- σ - bond - The connection in which the region of increased electric density is located on the line connecting the nuclei of two atoms
- Adsorption - If absorption occurs only in the surface layer of the sorbent, i.e. surface sorption occurs, then it is called adsorption. If the sorbate has diffused over the entire volume of the sorbent, i.e. if volumetric sorption has occurred, then it is called absorption
- Active metals - Those metals, the measure of solubility of which is greater than the concentration of saline solutions adopted in electrochemistry
- Acceptor - A particle that accepts an electron pair to its free orbital
- Anions - Negatively charged ions
- Atom - The smallest part of an element that retains all its chemical properties. Atoms fold into molecules
- Valence - The number of electron pairs through which an atom of a given element is associated with other atoms
- Substance - Consists of particles (molecules, atoms, ions, etc., which have their own mass, i.e. rest mass)
- Recovery - The process of electron attachment, leading to a decrease in the oxidation state of elements
- Galvanic cell - A device consisting of two or more electrodes connected together
- Galvanic corrosion - The main reason for the occurrence of galvanic corrosion is the close contact of two metals with different potentials in the electrolyte environment
- Hydration - Attachment of water or water elements to a molecule
- Hydrates - Compounds of a substance with water, having a constant or variable composition and formed as a result of hydration
- Hydroxides - Electrolytes dissociating in water into metal ions and hydroxide ions
- Hydrolysis of salts - Interaction of salt ions with water
- Desorption - The process of release of the absorbed substance (the reverse process of sorption)
- Dispersion - Crushing, grinding
- Dissociation - Splitting a molecule into two or more particles
- Diffusion - Transfer of particles of a substance, leading to an equalization of its concentration in an initially inhomogeneous system. Occurs as a result of the thermal movement of molecules
- Link length - The distance between the centers of two atoms, at which the maximum amount of potential energy is released, and a complex particle is the most durable. (Closely related to energy)
- Mass conservation law - The mass of substances entering a chemical reaction is equal to the mass of substances resulting from the reaction
- Core charge - The positive charge of an atomic nucleus, equal to the number of protons in the nucleus of a given element. The ordinal number of a chemical element in the Periodic Table of D.I. Mendeleev is equal to the charge of the atomic nucleus of this element
- Colloidal - dispersed systems, in which the dispersion medium, i.e. the solvent is water.
- Sols - Sols are classified as hydrophilic and hydrophobic.
- Isobars - Chemical elements with different nuclear charges, but with the same atomic masses they're also chemical elements that have the same nuclear charges, but different atomic masses
- Indicators (acid-base) - Substances of a complex structure, having different colors in solutions of acids and bases
- Ionic bond - The limiting case of a polar covalent bond. A bond between two atoms is considered ionic if the difference in the electronegativities of these atoms is greater than or equal to 4.0
- Jonah - Negative or positively charged particles formed when electrons are attached or donated by atoms of elements (or groups of atoms)
- Catalysts - Substances that can accelerate chemical reactions while remaining unchanged themselves
- Cations - Positively charged ions
- Acid - A complex substance in a molecule of which there are one or more hydrogen atoms, which can be replaced by metal atoms (ions). The remainder of the acid molecule is called the acid residue.
- Coagulation - The fusion of particles of the dispersion phase and their enlargement is called the coagulation process.
- Covalent bond - The essence of a covalent bond is that atoms, combining their unpaired valence electrons with antiparallel spins into a common electron pair, form a more complex particle
- Amount of substance -The number of unit structures in the system. The unit of the amount of a substance is the mole
- Hydrolysis constant - Equilibrium constant of the reversible reaction rtdrolysis
- Concentration - The relative amount of a substance in a solution
- Coordination number - The number of ligands directly attached to the central ion
- Coordination (complex) compounds - Compounds containing in one of the states of aggregation a group of ions or neutral molecules (ligands), in a certain order placed (coordinated) around the atom (ion) - the complexing agent. If H2O serves as ligands, then the complex compounds are called aqua complexes. If any acid residues serve as ligands, then the complex compounds are called acido complexes.
- Corrosion of metals - Destruction of metals under the influence of an aggressive environment
- Ligand - If it is possible to indicate the central atom (ion) in a polyatomic molecule, then the atoms or groups associated with this atom are called
- Molecular orbital method - According to the method of molecular orbitals, any molecule is considered as a set of all nuclei and electrons of all atoms that form a given complex particle
- Molecule - The smallest particle of a substance that can exist independently, has the chemical properties of a given substance and consists of atoms of one element or different
- Molecular orbital - An electron cloud formed when the outer electron shells of atoms (atomic orbitals) merge when a chemical bond is formed between them. Molecular orbitals are formed when two or more atomic orbitals merge. The number of molecular orbitals is always equal to the number of interacting atomic orbitals. All the electrons of the binding atoms are located in the newly formed molecular orbitals
- Moth - An amount of a substance equal to 6,022.1023 structural units of a given substance. The number 6,022.1023 is called Avogadro's constant, or Avogadro's number
- Molarity (solution) - The concentration of the solution, expressed in moles of the solute per 1 dm3 of the solution. Denoted by the letter M
- Neutron -An electrically neutral elementary (i.e. inseparable) particle with a mass of 1.67.10-27 kg. Neutrons, together with protons, are part of atomic nuclei
- Direct peptization - Peptization, in which the precipitate and the peptizer have a common ion
- Normal conditions - Temperature 0 ° C (273 K) and pressure 1 atm (760 mm Hg) or 101.3 kPa
- Oxidation - The process of giving up electrons, leading to an increase in the oxidation state of elements
- Redox reactions - Reactions in which there is a change in the oxidation state of any atoms in the reacting molecules
- Oxides - Compounds of elements with oxygen
- Acid oxides - Oxides that react with bases to form salt and water
- Basic oxides - Oxides that react with acids to form salt and water
- Orbital - The space near the nucleus in which the electron is most likely to be found. Outside this space, the probability of encountering an electron is quite small (less than 5%)
- Base - A complex substance in which a metal atom (or atoms) are linked to hydroxide groups (OH groups).
- Acid basicity - The number of hydrogen atoms of an acid that can be replaced by a metal is the basicity of the acid
- Relative electronegativity - Shows the ability of atoms to attract the total electron density to themselves
- Passive metals -Those with a solubility value less than the concentration of saline solutions accepted in electrochemistry
- Foam - One of the coarsely dispersed systems
- Peptization - Transfer of freshly obtained sediment into solution
- Electrode overvoltage - Difference between actual and theoretical electrode potentials
- Periodic table of D.I. Mendeleev - The properties of elements periodically change in accordance with the charge of the nuclei of their atoms
- Field - The form of existence of matter, closely related to energy
- Polarization - Separation of positive and negative charges
- Mediocre peptization - Peptization, in which the sediment and the peptizer do not have common ions, but chemically interact with each other
- Hund's rule - When filling orbitals with the same energy (for example, five d-orbitals), the electrons first of all settle one by one on the vacant ("empty") orbitals, after which the filling of the orbitals with the second electrons begins
- Pauli Principle (Pauli Forbid) - No two electrons in one atom can be characterized by the same set of all four quantum numbers n, l, m and s
- Proton - A stable elementary (i.e. inseparable) particle with an elementary (i.e. the smallest possible) positive electric charge and a mass of 1.67.10-27 kg. Protons, together with neutrons, are part of atomic nuclei. The ordinal number of a chemical element in the Periodic Table of D.I. Mendeleev is equal to the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom of this element
- Metal solubility - The amount of metal ions contained in dm3 of a saturated solution
- Solutions - Homogeneous molecular mixtures of two or more substances
- Reagents - Initial substances in a chemical reaction. Reagent formulas are always written on the left side of the chemical reaction equation
- Sedimentation - The particles enlarged as a result of coagulation begin to precipitate under the influence of their own gravity. This process is slow and is called sedimentation.
- Chemical reaction rate - The amount of a substance that enters into a reaction or is formed during a reaction per unit of time per unit volume of the system. Has a dimension of mol / L sec-1
- Salt - Substitution products: in hydrogen acid for metal or ammonium, at the base of hydroxyl groups for acid residue
- Sour salts - Salts which, in addition to metal ions and acid residue, contain hydrogen ions
- Sorption - Absorption of one substance by another.
- Absorber - sorbent, absorbed substance - sorbate
- Electron affinity - Energy required to detach a received electron
- Dissociation degree - Quantitative characterization of electrolyte dissociation
- Structural formulas - An image of a molecule that shows the order in which atoms are bound together. Chemical bonds in such formulas are indicated by dashes. For example, structural formulas: Cl-Ca-Cl (CaCl2 molecule), O = C = O (CO2 molecule), etc.
- Suspensions They belong to coarsely dispersed systems. Suspensions include: oil paints, grinding, polishing pastes, clay, lime, cement mortars
- Fuel cells - The essence of fuel cells is that the electrodes are also catalysts
- Chemical activity of substances - Their ability to participate in chemical reactions that depend on the composition and amount of substances
- Chemical corrosion - Liquid corrosion caused by non-electrolyte solutions. They include gas, liquid. Gas corrosion occurs under the influence of aggressive dry gases.
- Chemical bond - Forces and mechanisms that cause atoms to combine into complex particles
- Chemical attack on complex ions - Exposure to a solution of a complex compound of a reagent that removes either a complexing agent or ligands from the solution in the form of a compound that is more stable than the decomposed complex ion
- Chemistry - The science of substances and the laws by which the transformation of some substances into others occurs
- Electrocorrosion - Corrosion of materials by electric current from an external source (stray current corrosion)
- Electrolysis - Conversion of electrical energy into chemical such as substances that dissociate into ions in water. There are three classes of electrolytes: acids, hydroxides, salt
- Electron - A stable elementary (i.e. inseparable) particle with an elementary (i.e. the smallest possible) negative electric charge and a mass of 9.11.10-31 kg. Electrons are part of the atoms of all elements. Have both particle and wave properties
- Electroosmosis - Displacement of the diffusion layer with adjacent water layers
- Electroneousness - The relative ability of atomic nuclei to attract electrons to form a chemical bond. Characterizes the ability of an atom to polarize covalent bonds
- Electrophoresis - Moving the pellet to the electrode
- Element - A certain kind of atoms with certain nuclear charges
- Emulsifier - Stabilizer required for the existence of the emulsion
- Emulsion - Two mutually insoluble liquids
- Communication energy - Dedicated, i.e. potential energy lost by atoms in the formation of more complex particles
- Enthalpy - Enthalpy is the "heat content" of the reacting substances. At constant pressure (if the reaction does not take place in a closed vessel), the change in enthalpy during a chemical reaction is equal to its thermal effect
- Entropy - The ratio of heat to temperature at which energy transfer occurs. Entropy is a measure of the disorder of the system